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Oligarchic Cartelization In Post-Suharto Indonesia

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Oligarchic Cartelization In Post-Suharto IndonesiaAs detailed in Oligarchic Cartelization in Post Suharto Indonesia, a few ruling individuals from party organizations overpowered Indonesias post authoritarian, representative democracy. The legislative process of the 2017 Election Act was the case study employed to examine this assumption. The underlying thinking was that there was a contest between wealth power (oligarchy) and participation power (democracy). The power of wealth controls the party

As detailed in Oligarchic Cartelization in Post-Suharto Indonesia, a few ruling individuals from party organizations overpowered Indonesia’s post-authoritarian, representative democracy. The legislative process of the 2017 Election Act was the case study employed to examine this assumption. The underlying thinking was that there was a contest between “wealth power” (oligarchy) and “participation power” (democracy). The power of wealth controls the party and government institutions. Notwithstanding the presence of participation power, there was, however, no balance between wealth power and participation power, because the formal control of politics was in the hands of party oligarchs. This study is purposed to bridge the gap in knowledge by exploring how the party oligarchs maintain the policymaking, reputedly using cartelized strategies, to defend the status quo. By employing the oligarchy and cartelization concepts, the central question of this inquiry focused on how the party oligarchs mastered the policy process in post-Suharto Indonesia. Qualitative findings indicated that the party oligarchs engineered the legal process in parliament applying cartelized strategies to defend privileges they obtained from collusive interpenetrations with the state. Understanding the “oligarchic cartelization” theoretical postulate is a fundamental step for party members to improve their performance in public offices. The results of this study can also be a useful reference for pro-democracy activists to defend the ontological essence of public participation in implementing representative democracy at an appropriate level. 

About the Author

Boni Hargens is a political analyst currently living in Indonesia. He is familiar in his country since he has been for years attending talk shows on television and writing columns on mainstream newspapers in his country. His concern is on the oligarchy and cartel party theories. He attended many lectures at Humboldt University in Germany for many years before completing his doctoral degree at Walden University in the United States.

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SKU: 1064417696

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Bailey Rae
Los Angeles, US
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It's good
Flavor Name: Beef, Size: Medium
My dog doesn't like it and he does typically like these but it is really nice quality and I like the shape and design so definitely try it because of the price
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Reviewed in the United States on May 29, 2026
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supermommy
Phoenix, US
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Best Dog Bone
Flavor Name: Beef, Size: Large
This is one of the best bones I've seen and I have always lived with dogs. The shape makes it so ergonomic for the dog, both of mine hold the bone down with both paws then chew the part standing up. One of my dogs was able to enjoy this while wearing a cone after surgery, supporting her natural behavior and keeping her busy. These are great for our 11 month old puppy because he was struggling to figure out how to brace the bone without it rubbing his paws, so was bracing on furniture and getting in trouble. Now he can hold the T part easily and doesn't need to use other objects he shouldn't chew by accident. They are durable, too. I got these about 2 months ago and they are barely worn with a rotty/pit/Shepard mix male puppy. If you know dogs, you know that means this is a solid durable bone! I will for sure keep these on hand for years as they are a preferred chew in my house!
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Reviewed in the United States on May 1, 2026
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Baibhav Bhattarai
Los Angeles, US
★★★★★ 5
Doggy Delight
Flavor Name: Beef, Size: Medium
Ever felt like your dog’s chew toys are on the fritz, ending up shredded like yesterday’s sandwich? The SPOT Bam-bones PLUS T Bone is here to save the day, offering a durable and tasty solution for aggressive chewers and teething puppies alike. These bamboo fiber and nylon chews are like the super-tough treats your dog dreams of, providing hours of gnawing joy without the splintering mess. My bulldog, who treats his chew toys like they’re part of a survival game, has found his perfect match in these T Bones. The beef flavor is irresistible, making them a favorite among picky pups and ensuring they stay engaged without turning into edible confetti. The 6-inch size is perfect for keeping his jaws busy without overwhelming his mouth – a win-win for both of us. The non-splintering design is a blessing, preventing any painful encounters with broken chews and keeping our home safe from unexpected trips to the vet. Plus, the durable construction means these chews last longer than my patience during a doggy tantrum – and that’s saying something! However, the T Bones can sometimes feel like they’re too tough, requiring a bit of extra chewing to fully enjoy – turning every chew session into a mini workout for your dog’s jaws. Additionally, the price point is slightly higher than standard chews, but the durability and quality make it worth every penny. Overall, the SPOT Bam-bones PLUS T Bone is a fantastic choice for dog owners looking to provide their pets with a long-lasting and enjoyable chew experience. It’s tough, tasty, and built to withstand even the most enthusiastic chewers. A solid 5-star rating for its durability and flavor, with a tiny star lost to its occasional toughness challenges.
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Reviewed in the United States on October 23, 2024
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Boise, US
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The Ultimate Solution for Power Chewers!
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I have a Pitbull mix who can usually destroy "tough" toys in minutes, but the Bam-Bones Plus is a total game-changer. The bamboo and nylon blend is incredibly dense; it satisfies that natural urge to chew without splintering like real wood or falling apart like rubber. It wears down slowly and safely, giving my dog weeks of use rather than minutes. ​Smart, Functional Design ​The T-bone shape is brilliant because of the "paw-grip" base—it makes it so easy for my dog to hold it steady while she works on it. I’ve also noticed her teeth looking much cleaner since we started using this, as the raised textures act like a natural toothbrush. Plus, the infused beef scent keeps her interested much longer than a plain nylon bone ever could. ​Final Verdict ​This is a must-have for any owner of a large or aggressive chewer. It’s safe, long-lasting, and provides excellent mental stimulation.
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Lisa D.
Houston, US
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Fantastic Durable Chew Toy That My Dog Loves!
Flavor Name: Beef, Size: Medium
Absolutely thrilled with this dog chew toy! It’s extremely tough and durable — perfect for aggressive chewers and keeps my pup entertained for a long time. The bamboo fiber and nylon design feels sturdy yet gentle on the teeth, and it even helps with dental hygiene by massaging gums while he chews. My dog goes crazy for this bone and it lasts way longer than other chew toys we’ve tried. Great quality and great value — highly recommend for any dog
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Reviewed in the United States on January 17, 2026

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